The CyberKnife Robotic Radiosurgery System can treats both cancerous and non-cancerous tumors anywhere in the body

How Cyberknife RadioSurgery Works ?

As a non-invasive “operation”, CyberKnife has proven to be an effective alternative to surgery or conventional radiation for treating vascular abnormalities, tumors, functional disorders, and cancers with sub-millimeter accuracy. CyberKnife gives renewed hope and the possibility of a better quality of life, especially for patients with tumors previously diagnosed as inoperable, and for those who have already received the maximum amount of radiation through other treatment methods.

The CyberKnife uses non-invasive image-guided localization that is more convenient and less traumatic than other systems using the standard invasive stereotactic headframe (a rigid metal frame fixed to a patient’s skull for head immobilization and target localization). CyberKnife also uses an advanced, lightweight linear accelerator (LINAC), a device used to produce a high dose of radiation.

In addition, CyberKnife also has a robotic delivery system that not only provides the flexibility to reach areas of the body unreachable by other systems, but is also instrumental in precisely aiming the device.

The robotic delivery system integrates motion-tracking software, called the Synchrony System, with the robotics, making it accurate enough to even hit a moving target. As a patient breathes or moves slightly during treatment, the robot detects the motion and compensates in ‘real time’, ensuring that the radiation is accurately hitting the target (tumor) throughout treatment.

CyberKnife can strike the tumor with a high dose of radiation from over 1200 different angles. This pinpoint accuracy allows malignant or benign tumors to be obliterated without damaging critical healthy tissue.
 

How is CyberKnife Different ?

Standard stereotactic radiosurgery techniques rely on a rigid frame fixed to the patient's skull for head immobilization. There are other systems for extra-cranial Stereotactic Radiation. These systems are most often uncomfortable. If the target moves with the breathing of the patient, they often require breath holding techniques, which may be difficult for some patients. Frame-based systems mean there is a limit to the number of angles the radiation can be delivered through.

The CyberKnife System offers maneuverability and versatility that other systems cannot offer, therefore now making it possible to treat tumours anywhere in the body, especially the brain, spine, liver, lung, pancreas and prostate. The combination of image guidance with the help of X-ray cameras and the very latest computer technology ensures that the CyberKnife® System is able to overcome the limitations of older frame-based radiosurgery systems, such as the Gamma Knife and LINAC based X-Knife.

treatment to the tumor alone, sparing surrounding healthy tissue.

What can the CyberKnife treat?

The CyberKnife Robotic Radiosurgery System is a non-invasive alternative to surgery for the treatment of both cancerous and non-cancerous tumors anywhere in the body, including the prostate, lung, brain, spine, liver, pancreas and kidney. The treatment - which delivers high doses of radiation to tumors with extreme accuracy - offers new hope to patients who have inoperable or surgically complex tumors, or who may be looking for a non-surgical option.

What is the treatment course?

CyberKnife treatment is performed on an outpatient basis. The patient receives an initial consultation with the radiation oncologist and surgeon. A CT scan (3-D X-ray) is obtained. The 3-D image obtained is used by the physicians, physicists and team to create a treatment plan.

The patient will return for the one-hour treatment within a few days after the consultation.

The number of treatments will vary depending on tumor size, location and shape, but the number of treatments is usually between one and four.

Whatare patient benefits?

• Better quality of life during and after treatment
• Head frames not used as with other stereotactic radiosurgery programs
• Performed on an outpatient basis
• Less pain
• No incisions
• Risk is minimized to healthy tissue surrounding tumor/lesions
• Fewer visits to the hospital
• Short recovery period
• Treatment is available for tumors considered inoperable by other surgery and stereotactic radiosurgery methods
• Lower risk of complications when compared to other treatment options
• Lower risk of infections
• Lower risk of hemorrhage/severe blood loss
• Lower risk of hearing loss
• Lower risk to alteration in feeling of extremities

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How colon cancers are diagnosed | Low Cost Colon Cancer Treatment in India

Diagnostic tests for colorectalcancer are usually done when:

• the symptoms of colorectal cancer are present
• the doctor suspects colorectal cancer after talking with a person about their health and completing a physical examination
• screening tests suggest a problem with the colon or rectum

Many of the same tests used to initially diagnose cancer are also used to determine the stage (how far the cancer has progressed). Your doctor may also order other tests to check your general health and to help plan your treatment. Tests may include the following.

Medical history and physical examination The medical history is a record of present symptoms, risk factors and all the medical events and problems a person has had in the past. The medical history of a person's family may also help the doctor to diagnose colorectal cancer. In taking a medical history, the doctor will ask questions about: a personal history of polyps in the colon or rectum inflammatory bowel disease colorectal cancer a family history of colorectal cancer familial adenomatous polyposis hereditary non-polyposis colorectal carcinoma (also known as Lynch syndrome) signs and symptoms Tumour marker tests Tumour markers are substances – usually proteins – in the blood that may indicate the presence of colorectal cancer. Tumour marker tests are used to check a person's response to cancer treatment, but they can also be used to diagnose colorectal cance Colonoscopy A colonoscopy is a procedure that lets the doctor look at the lining of the colon using a flexible tube with a light and lens on the end (an endoscope). A colonoscopy is preferred over a flexible sigmoidoscopy because the entire colon can be checked for polyps or abnormal areas. A colonoscopy is done in a hospital on an outpatient basis. The doctor gently inserts the colonoscope (a type of endoscope) through the anus and slowly moves it into the rectum and colon. The colon is inflated with air to stretch out the lining so the doctor can look at the entire surface. This can be uncomfortable, so drugs are given to help the person relax during the procedure. Biopsy During a biopsy, tissues or cells are removed from the body so they can be tested in a laboratory. The pathology report from the laboratory will confirm whether or not cancer cells are present in the sample and may also identify the type of cancer. A biopsy is the only definite way to diagnose colorectal cancer. Biopsies of polyps or abnormal areas are taken during a sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy. A biopsy sample will allow the doctor to find out the type of colorectal cancer and the grade. Biopsy results may also show how far the cancer has grown through the wall of the colon or rectum. Computed tomography (CT) scan A CT scan uses special x-ray equipment to make 3-dimensional and cross-sectional images of organs, tissues, bones and blood vessels inside the body. A computer turns the images into detailed pictures. It is used to: check if the cancer has spread to other organs in the abdomen or pelvis (small areas of spread [microscopic spread] may not be detected by CT scan) check if the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes in the abdomen check how far the tumour has grown into the wall of the colon or, especially, the rectum CT-guided needle biopsy CT scans may also be used to help guide a needle to perform a biopsy (CT-guided needle biopsy) to check for cancer cells in a tumour in the colon or a suspected area of metastasis (cancer spread outside of the colon or rectum). Virtual colonoscopy Virtual colonoscopy uses a CT scan to create images of the colon without having to insert an endoscope through the rectum. A virtual colonoscopy is less invasive and more comfortable than a regular colonoscopy. Studies are continuing to examine the effectiveness of this test.  Ultrasound  Ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to make images of structures in the body. Endorectal ultrasound (EUS or ERUS) uses a special instrument (transducer) that is inserted into the rectum. It is used to see: how far a tumour has grown into the rectal wall if the tumour has spread to nearby organs or lymph nodes Abdominal ultrasound may be done to see if the cancer has spread to other organs in the abdomen, such as the liver. Pelvic ultrasound may be done if doctors suspect that the cancer has spread to the urinary tract. An ultrasound may also be used during abdominal surgery. The surgeon can place the transducer directly on the liver to check for metastases. Positron emission tomography (PET) scan A PET scan uses radioactive materials (radiopharmaceuticals) to detect changes in the metabolic activity of body tissues. A computer analyzes the radioactive patterns and makes 3-dimensional colour images of the area being scanned. PET scans are not routinely used to diagnose colorectal cancer. They are more commonly used to help stage and check for recurrent disease if a person's CEA level starts to rise following treatment. PET scans are not readily available at all centres. For more information visit:          http://www.medworldindia.com                             https://www.facebook.com/medworld.india Please scan and email your medical reports  to us at care@medworldindia.com and we shall get you a Free Medical Opinion from India’s Best Doctors. Call Us : +91-9811058159 Mail Us : care@medworldindia.com

Best Treating Options for Prostate Cancer in India : Prostate Cancer Treatment India

Knowing the various treatments for prostate cancer available and what the risks associated with each are is the first step in being informed about what will be one of the most important decisions of your life. The potential side effects of some of the treatments are too life altering to leave this decision to chance.

Have a discussion with your doctor. Ask questions about any side effects you need to be aware of. While your treatment options become less viable if your cancer has progressed beyond your prostate gland, it is important to be aware of what to expect after the treatment has been completed.

Here are some of the options open to you.

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Prostate Cancer Treatment India | Prostate Cancer Surgery at Best Cancer Hospital India - MedWorldIndia

Surgery

Surgical options available are as follows.

A complete prostatectomy where your entire prostate gland is removed     A lymph node dissection where only the nodes surrounding the urethra are removed     A transurethral resection is done in which small pieces of your prostate are removed

Each of the above procedures requires a hospital stay and you would be anesthetized and put under. They are effective in most cases although cancers have been known to return weeks or months afterward. As well, side effects can include urinary incontinence, impotence and infertility.

Radiotherapy

There are 2 common approaches to radiation therapy in treating prostate cancer, external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy.

External beam radiotherapy is a procedure where a high energy radioactive source is used to project a beam at your prostate from a short distance outside your pelvic area. There is no anesthesia required and it is done on an out-patient basis. It is typically done on 5 consecutive days over a period of about 5 to 7 weeks.

Brachytherapy is the usage of about 100 to 150 small radioactive pellets or seeds. They are placed directly into your prostate with a syringe a few at a time; it usually takes up to 40 injections to implant them all. This procedure is painful and requires a general anesthetic.

These two procedures use radioactivity to burn away cancerous cells. Side effects include impotence, inflammation of the bladder and rectum and cancers have been known to return.

Chemotherapy

Drugs known to be toxic to cancerous cells are introduced to your body. It is used to slow cancerous growths and relieve pain. It is not a cure but it can be used to help patients where cures through other means are not possible.

High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU)

HIFU is a procedure that uses sound waves to destroy cancerous cells. A focused ultrasound beam is aimed only at the regions of the prostate that are diseased with cancer. The cells targeted are destroyed using heat. Surrounding tissue is not affected by the beam and remains undamaged.

The entire prostate can be exposed to the ultrasound beam in about three hours. The procedure is done quickly and is effective in eradicating prostate cancer in over 90% of patients treated. Side effects are minimal resulting in urinary incontinence in only 5% of patients. Only 8% suffered urethral blockage and about 40% suffered sexual impotence. Impotence drops to 20% in patients whose cancer does not affect the prostate nerve.

These reasons alone make HIFU the choice you should make when thinking about prostate cancer treatment options.

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What are the Tumors and Lesions that can be Treated by the CyberKnife System ?

What is the CyberKnife System?

The CyberKnife® Robotic Radiosurgery System is a non-invasive alternative to surgery for the treatment of both cancerous and non-cancerous tumors anywhere in the body, including the head, spine, lung, prostate, liver and pancreas.  The treatment – which delivers beams of high dose radiation to tumors with extreme accuracy – offers new hope to patients worldwide.

Though its name may conjure images of scalpels and surgery, the CyberKnife treatment involves no cutting. In fact, the CyberKnife System is the world’s first and only robotic radiosurgery system designed to treat tumors throughout the body non-invasively.  It provides a pain-free, non-surgical option for patients who have inoperable or surgically complex tumors, or who may be looking for an alternative to surgery.

What can the CyberKnife System treat?

The CyberKnife® System is a non-invasive alternative to surgery for the treatment of both cancerous and non-cancerous tumors anywhere in the body, including the head, spine, lung, prostate,  liver and pancreas.  The treatment – which delivers high doses of radiation to tumors with extreme accuracy – offers new hope to patients who have inoperable or surgically complex tumors, or who may be looking for a non-surgical option. To date, more than 100,000 patients have been treated and 244 systems are installed worldwide.

Below is a list of some tumors and lesions that can be treated by the CyberKnife System:

• Osteosarcoma
• Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
• Squamous cell carcinoma
• Non-small cell lung cancer
• Small-cell lung cancer
• Pancreatic cancer
• Hepatocellular carcinoma
• Prostate cancer
• Renal cell carcinoma
• Colon cancer
• Ovarian cancer
• Uterine cancer
• Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)

The CyberKnife combines a linear accelerator, robotic arm and image guidance system. The flexibility of the robotic arm allows the CyberKnife to precisely target lesions in areas of the body unreachable by other means. The CyberKnife also is unique in its ability to continually monitor and adjust in near real-time for changes in target location during treatment. Finally, unlike most other stereotactic radiosurgery systems, the CyberKnife is able to locate and treat lesions in the head or neck without the use of an invasive head frame.

There are numerous patient benefits to the CyberKnife system, including:

• Non-invasive treatment—no head frames affixed to the skull
• No anesthesia
• No recovery time
• Surgically precise targeting (sub-millimeter clinical accuracy)
• 100% frameless
• Minimal effects to surrounding critical tissues
• Robotics adjust to compensate for patient movement
• Flexible treatment planning; image acquisition scheduled around the patient’s availability
• Complements existing St. Joseph’s radiosurgery technologies
• Treatment is typically outpatient, with just one to five treatment days required
• Suitable for treatment of many tumors or lesions throughout the body, including soft tissue, spinal, head and neck and intracranial cases
• Appropriate treatment for some patients diagnosed with inoperable or untreatable tumors or other lesions

CyberKnife radiosurgery treatment vs traditional radiation therapy treatment?

Traditional radiation therapy typically delivers radiation to a wide field of tissue in the body resulting in the treatment of both the tumor and a large amount of surrounding healthy tissue. This is necessary because traditional radiation therapy systems did not account for tumor motion and were therefore much less accurate. These wide radiation fields increased the possibility of damage to normal tissue, increasing the risk of side effects following the radiation treatment. To reduce the number of side effects, clinicians were forced to rethink the way traditional radiation therapy was delivered. As a result, the overall radiation dose was reduced and the number of treatments was divided into 30 to 40 sessions, delivered over a period of weeks.

Radiosurgery devices, such as the CyberKnife Robotic Radiosurgery System, were designed to deliver radiation with extreme accuracy, targeting the tumor with minimal damage to the surrounding healthy tissue.  The accuracy of the CyberKnife System allows clinicians to deliver very high doses of radiation safely because the size of the radiation field is smaller and only includes the tumor and a small amount of surrounding tissue.  This allows for less damage to surrounding healthy tissue and for clinicians to complete treatment in 1 to 5 days vs. the weeks it takes traditional radiation therapy.

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Moset Advanced Radiation Treatments offered at Best Uterine Cancer Hospital in India

EndometrialCancer (Uterine Cancer)

The uterus (womb) is part of the female reproductive system. It is shaped like an upside-down pear and sits inside the pelvis. It is in the uterus that a fertilised egg grows into a baby.

Most of these women are over the age of 50 years. Cancer of the uterus is also known as cancer of the womb, uterine cancer, endometrial cancer and cancer of the lining of the womb.

Causes of uterine cancer

The exact cause of uterine cancer is not known. Some things seem to put women at more risk including:

• endometrial hyperplasia (an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the endometrium)
• menopause, never having children or being infertile
• being overweight
• high blood pressure and diabetes
• a family history of endometrial, breast or bowel cancer
• being on oestrogen hormone therapy without progesterone
• being on tamoxifen or anastrozole for treatment of breast cancer. if you are on either of these medications, you should discuss this risk with your doctor.

Uterine cancer is not caused by sexual activity and cannot be passed on this way. Remember, most women who have known risk factors do not get cancer of the uterus and many women who do get cancer of the uterus have none of these risk factors.

Types of Uterine Cancer :- 

Sarcoma: Sarcoma cancer grows in the supporting tissues of the uterine glands or in the myometrium. This cancer accounts for 2-4% of uterine cancers.

Adenocarcinoma: This cancer is considered as the main type of uterine cancer that grows from the cells in the uterus lining. Endometrial cancer is the other name of this cancer.

The Symptoms of Uterine Cancer include :

• Unusual Vaginal Bleeding or Discharge
• Trouble Urinating
• Pelvic Pain
• Pain during sexual intercourse
• Discomfort or pain in the lower abdomen

Diagnosis of Endometrial Cancer (Uterine Cancer)

A pelvic exam is performed by the doctors checking the vagina, uterus, ovaries, bladder, and rectum for Endometrial Cancer (Uterine Cancer). An instrument called a speculum is used to widen the vagina so the doctor can see the upper portion of the vagina and the cervix.

The Pap Smear test is often performed during a pelvic exam Endometrial Cancer (Uterine Cancer). The doctor uses a wooden scraper (spatula) or small brush to collect a sample of cells from the cervix and upper vagina. The cells are then sent to a medical laboratory to be checked for abnormal changes. Because uterine cancer begins inside the uterus, it may not show up on a Pap test, which examines cells from the cervix.

A biopsy may be needed for a definitive diagnosis where the doctor removes a sample of tissue from the uterine lining. In some cases, a woman may require a dilation and curettage (D&C), which is usually a day care procedure. During a D&C, the opening of the cervix is widened and the doctor scrapes tissue from the lining of the uterus. A pathologist examines the tissue to check for cancer cells, hyperplasia, or other conditions.

Common Endometrial Cancer (Uterine Cancer) Symptoms

•   Abnormal bleeding- heavy bleeding between periods, or heavy bleeding  during irregular periods
•    Pain during intercourse, pelvic pain or pain in the legs or back
•    Difficulty urinating or pain during urination
•    Enlarged uterus , Vaginal discharge and or unexplained weight loss

Surgical Treatment of EndometrialCancer (Uterine Cancer)

Surgery is the best option when Endometrial Cancer (Uterine Cancer) is diagnosed in its very early stages. At this time, the location and the stage of cancer make removal easy. Sometimes patients are treated with a combination of surgery and radiation therapy. Laparoscopy Assisted Vaginal Hysterectomy - involves the minimally invasive or open surgery to remove the uterus. If required teh surgeon may decide to remove both ovaries and the fallopian tubes if there is a risk of Endometrial cancer spread to the ovaries.

In most cases, uterine cancer is an Adenocarcinoma that metastasizes late, usually from the endometrium to the cervix, ovaries, fallopian tubes, and other peritoneal structures. It may spread to distant organs, such as the lungs and the brain, through the blood or the lymphatic system. In such cases advanced tratement post Hystrectomy like Chemotherapy and Radiation are advised

Chemotherapy 

Involves modern cancer drugs that are administered intravenously or orally to kill cancer cells and to reduce the chances of the tumour returning elsewhere in the body.


Radiation therapy 

India's leading Cancer hospitals now have some of the world's moset advanced radiation equipment like Linac, Novelis, Gamma Knife and Cyberknife for treating Colon rectal Cancers. High technology radiation is used to kill cancer cells without affecting the healthy tissues. Radiation may be used to reduce the tumor prior to surgery or to obviate the symptoms of colorectal cancer such as pain, bleeding, or blockage.

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What are the Different Types of Brain Tumors? : Advanced Brain Tumor Treatment

There are many different types of brain tumors. They are usually categorized by the type of cell where the tumor begins, or they are also categorized by the area of the brain where they occur.

The most common types of brain tumors include the following:

• Gliomas. The most common type of primary brain tumor is a glioma. Gliomas begin from glial cells, which are the supportive tissue of the brain. There are several types of gliomas, categorized by where they are found, and the type of cells that originated the tumor. The following are the different types of gliomas:
  
  
• Astrocytomas. Astrocytomas are glial cell tumors that are derived from connective tissue cells called astrocytes. These cells can be found anywhere in the brain or spinal cord. Astrocytomas are the most common type of childhood brain tumor, and the most common type of primary brain tumor in adults. Astrocytomas are generally subdivided into high-grade, medium-grade, or low-grade tumors. High-grade astrocytomas (glioblastomas) are the most malignant of all brain tumors. Astrocytomas are further classified for presenting signs, symptoms, treatment, and prognosis, based on the location of the tumor. The most common location of these tumors in children is in the cerebellum, where they are called cerebellar astrocytomas. These people usually have symptoms of increased intracranial pressure, headache, and vomiting. There can also be problems with walking and coordination, as well as double vision. In adults, astrocytomas are more common in the cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum), where they commonly cause increased intracranial pressure (ICP), seizures, or changes in behavior.
  
  
• Brain stem gliomas. Brain stem gliomas are tumors found in the brain stem. Most brain stem tumors cannot be surgically removed because of the remote location and delicate and complex function this area controls. Brain stem gliomas occur almost exclusively in children; the group most often affected is the school-age child. The child usually does not have increased intracranial pressure (ICP), but may have problems with double vision, movement of the face or one side of the body, or difficulty with walking and coordination.
  
  
• Ependymomas. Ependymomas are also glial cell tumors. They usually develop in the lining of the ventricles or in the spinal cord. The most common place they are found in children is near the cerebellum. The tumor often blocks the flow of the CSF (cerebral spinal fluid, which bathes the brain and spinal cord), causing increased intracranial pressure. This type of tumor mostly occurs in children younger than 10 years of age. Ependymomas can be slow growing, compared to other brain tumors, but may recur after treatment is completed. Recurrence of ependymomas results in a more invasive tumor with more resistance to treatment. Two percent of brain tumors are ependymomas.
  
  
• Optic nerve gliomas. Optic nerve gliomas are found in or around the nerves that send messages from the eyes to the brain. They are frequently found in children who have neurofibromatosis, a condition a child is born with that makes him or her more likely to develop tumors in the brain. People usually experience loss of vision, as well as hormone problems, since these tumors are usually located at the base of the brain where hormonal control is located. These are typically difficult to treat due to the surrounding sensitive brain structures.
  
  
• Oligodendrogliomas. This type of tumor also arises from the supporting cells of the brain. They are found commonly in the cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum). Seizures are a very common symptom of these tumors, as well as headache, weakness, or changes in behavior or sleepiness. These tumors have a better prognosis than most other gliomas, but they can become more malignant with time. About two percent of brain tumors are oligodendrogliomas.
  
  
• Metastatic tumors. In adults, metastatic brain tumors are the most common type of brain tumors. These are tumors that begin to grow in another part of the body, then spread to the brain through the bloodstream. When the tumors spread to the brain, they commonly go to the part of the brain called the cerebral hemispheres, or to the cerebellum. Often, a patient may have multiple metastatic tumors in
  
  several different areas of the brain. Lung, breast, and colon cancers frequently travel to the brain, as do certain skin cancers. Metastatic brain tumors may be quite aggressive and may return even after surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
  
  
• Meningiomas. Meningiomas are usually benign tumors that come from the meninges, the outer coverings of the brain just under the skull. This type of tumor accounts for about one third of brain tumors in adults. They are slow growing and may exist for years before being detected. Meningiomas are most common in older patients, with the highest rate in people in their 70s and 80s. They are commonly found in the cerebral hemispheres just under the skull. They usually are separate from the brain and can sometimes be removed entirely during surgery. They can, however, recur after surgery and certain types can be malignant.
  
  
• Schwannomas. Schwannomas are usually benign tumors, similar to meningiomas. They arise from the supporting cells of the nerves leaving the brain, and are most common on the nerves that control hearing and balance. When schwannomas involve these nerves, they are called vestibular schwannomas or acoustic neuromas. Commonly, they present with loss of hearing, and occasionally loss of balance, or problems with weakness on one side of the face. Surgery can be difficult because of the area of the brain in which they occur, and the vital structures around the tumor. Occasionally, radiation (or a combination of surgery and radiation) is used to treat these tumors.
  
  
• Pituitary tumors. The pituitary gland is a gland located at the base of the brain. It produces hormones that control many other glands in the body. These glands include the thyroid gland, the adrenal glands, the ovaries and testes, as well as milk production by pregnant women, and fluid balance by the kidney. Tumors that occur in or around the area of the pituitary gland can affect the functioning of the gland, or overproduce hormones that are sent to the other glands. This can lead to problems with thyroid functioning, impotence, milk production from the breasts, irregular menstrual periods, or problems regulating the fluid balance in the body. In addition, due to the closeness of the pituitary to the nerves to the eyes, patients may have decreased vision.

Tumors in the pituitary are frequently benign, and total removal makes the tumors less likely to recur. Since the pituitary is at the base of the skull, approaches for removal of a pituitary tumor may involve entry through the nose or the upper gum. Certain types of tumors may be treated with medication, which, in some cases, can shrink the tumor or stop the growth of the tumor.

• Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs). PNETs are much more common in children than in adults. They can occur anywhere in the brain, although the most common place is in the back of the brain near the cerebellum. When they occur here, they are called medulloblastomas. The symptoms depend on their location in the brain, but typically the patient experiences increased intracranial pressure. These tumors are fast growing and often malignant, with occasional spreading throughout the brain or spinal cord.
  
  
• Primary CNS lymphoma. Lymphocytes are carried in lymph fluid in and out of the brain. A CNS tumor occurs when these cells turn malignant. A weakened immune system may increase the risk of this tumor. 
  
  
• Medulloblastomas. Medulloblastomas are one type of PNET that are found near the midline of the cerebellum. This tumor is rapidly growing and often blocks drainage of the CSF (cerebral spinal fluid, which bathes the brain and spinal cord), causing symptoms associated with increased ICP. Medulloblastoma cells can spread (metastasize) to other areas of the central nervous system, especially around the spinal cord. A combination of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy is usually necessary to control these tumors.
  
  
• Craniopharyngiomas. Craniopharyngiomas are benign tumors that occur at the base of the brain near the nerves from the eyes to the brain, and the pituitary gland. These tumors are more common in children and comprise only about 1% of all brain tumors diagnosed in the U.S. Symptoms include headaches, as well as problems with vision. Hormonal imbalances are common, which may lead to poor growth in children. Symptoms of increased intracranial pressure may also be seen. Although these tumors are benign, they are hard to remove due to the sensitive brain structures that surround them.
  
  
• Pineal region tumors. Many different tumors can arise near the pineal gland, a gland that helps control sleep and wake cycles. Gliomas are common in this region, as are pineal blastomas (a type of PNET). In addition, germ cell tumors, another form of malignant tumor, can be found in this area. Benign pineal gland cysts are also seen in this location, which makes the diagnosis difficult between what is malignant and what is benign. Biopsy or removal of the tumor is frequently necessary to tell the different types of tumors apart. People with tumors in this region frequently experience headaches or symptoms of increased intracranial pressure. Treatment depends on the tumor type and size.
  
  
  Latest and Advanced Treatment options for
  
  Brain Tumor in India
  
  
  Brain Tumor is no more a scary health condition as modern technology and advanced surgical modalities now offer near perfect clinical outcomes and the patients can soon return to normal life after surgery.
  
  
  • Brain Suite - Intra-operative MR Navigation Microsurgery
    
  • Trans-Nasal Endoscopic Removal of brain Tumor through the nose
    
  • Stereotactic Radiosurgery - Gamma Knife & Novalis TX
    
  • Tumor Embolization using Neuro Interventional Radiology
    
  • CyberKnife Radiosurgery

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